SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM:.

Crank:.: 
A side link which revolves relative to the frame is called a cran

Slider-Crank Mechanism:.
A four-bar linkage with output crank and ground member of infinite length

working:.
A slider crank is most widely used to convert reciprocating  or linear motion to rotary motion or to convert rotary to reciprocating motion.

Dead centers:.
Positions at which slider motion reverses are called dead centers.


Crankshaft:.
When crank and connecting rod are extended in a straight line and the slider is at its maximum distance from the axis of the crankshaft,the position is top dead center (TDC); when the slider is at its minimum distance from the axis of the crankshaft, the position is bottom dead center. 

Appliction.:.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
                                              One interesting application of slider-crank is the block feeder. 
                                                                                  





                                           

                                            HOW WIND TURBINES WORK:.

Wind:.
Wind is a form of solar energy.

Cause of Wind:.
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.

WIND TURBINE:.

Principle of Wind Energy:.
The terms wind energy or wind power describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical power.

Use:.
This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.

                               How Do Wind Turbines Make Electricity?

Principle:.
Wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity.

Working:.
The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.

View Of  Wind Power Plant:.

In the above diagram no of wind turbibes are assembled.

                                 Inside View Of  Wind Turbine:.

1: Anemometer:
Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.

2: Blades:
Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift" and rotate.

3: Brake:
A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically to stop the rotor in emergencies.

4: High-speed shaft:.
Drives the generator.

5: Low-speed shaft:.
The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute.

6: Rotor:
The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.
                                        
                                    END:.

How Gasoline and Diesel can work together;

When we use the combination of diesel and gasoline
the results are impressive.
1: An average 20% greater fuel efficiency.
2: Combustion temperatures reduced by up to 40%.
1:Working:.
Because it’s less reactive and won’t burn so easily, gasoline could normally never fuel a diesel engine.
the fuel-injected diesel becomes a kind of liquid spark plug, providing a kick-start for ignition.
a heavily-laden truck might require a mix as high as 85% gasoline to 15% diesel, while a light load would require a roughly 50-50 blend.

2:Method:.
First:.> the combustion temperatures were reduced by as much as 40%, meaning far less energy was lost from the engine through heat transfer.
Second:.>the customized fuel mix optimized combustion, with less unburned fuel lost in the exhaust and fewer emissions.
Third:.> In combination, these helped the test engine achieve a best result of 53% thermal efficiency.
3:Thermal efficincy:.
Thermal efficiency, basically, measures the percentage of fuel converted into power,and not lost in heat transfer or exhaust.
4:Best diesel engine:.
The most fuel-efficient diesel engine in the world can only achieve a best figure of 50%.
5:Working:.
It will work just as well with the low-pressure fuel injection of gasoline engines as with diesel’s high-pressure valves. And, because gasoline engines average only 25% thermal efficiency, the potential for fuel economy is even greater.
6:Applications:.
If every gasoline and diesel engine in the U.S. converted to this blended fuel process – and achieved an overall thermal efficiency of 53% - oil consumption would reduce by about 4 million barrels a day, a little under a third of today's current consumption.

The runner of the small water turbineA water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water.






Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. They harness a clean and renewable energy source.










Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.






Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.














Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in low (<30m/98ft) and medium (30-300m/98-984ft)head applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop occurs in both fixed and moving blades.






Impulse turbines


Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine's curved blades which change the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy.






Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require a housing for operation.






Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.






Impulse turbines are most often used in very high (>300m/984ft) head applications .

• HYDOGEN ENGINES:

Hydrogen engines will be replacing gasoline powered engines in automobiles. The question is when. Hydrogen engines come in two varieties, electric engines powered directly by hydrogen fuel cells and those engines that are converted from traditional gasoline powered combustion engines and powered by compressed hydrogen. The natural transitional vehicle, on a consumer level, most likely will be to have a car that has a hydrogen engine that has been converted from a gasoline powered engine and is fueled by pressurized hydrogen Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H2ICEs) as they are called will most likely hit the consumer market first. For the long-term, though, fuel cell driven engines will become the standard within the next 10 years.





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This "transitional" hydrogen H2ICE engine is already taking hold as both Mazda and BMW have introduced into limited production "dual-fuel" engines. With the flip of a switch, each car can switch back and forth between gasoline and hydrogen fuel. The Mazda RX-8 uses a RENESIS Hydrogen Rotary Engine, which is ideally suited to burn hydrogen without inviting the backfiring that can occur when hydrogen is burned in a traditional piston engine. Twin hydrogen injectors and a separate induction chamber help maintain safer temperatures with the hot running hydrogen fuel

Produce Electricity While You Drive:


This can be achieved by using piezoelectric materials under busy roads. The property is aptly known as piezoelectricity and it's the ability to produce electric power in response to applied mechanical stress, and in this case this stress is the movement of vehicles on the roads. The concept was originally developed by Innowattech and now the company is laying down a sort of test road in Israel. Is it a solution to the global energy and environment crisis? It could very well be.

 Dirt-Powered Bacteria Batteries:


Bacteria are one of the most abundant organisms on the planet and also one of the most studied. Today, scientists use bacteria for genetics research, antibiotics, and yes! Even biofuels. Recent technological advances have made a battery running on bacteria a reality. Known as microbial fuels cells or MFCs, batteries running on bacteria and other microbes have been keenly researched by scientist for decades.

Turbine & Tailrace



The Inclined Plane was powered by using water from the upper level of the canal to run a huge Reaction Turbine located in a chamber beneath the powerhouse. This powerful machine could move the wheeled cradle car and Canal Boat loaded with 70 tons of coal, from a dead stop, up the plane, over the summit and down into the upper level of the canal. Once used, water was carried away from the turbine chamber in a Tailrace Tunnel that led back into the canal at the bottom of the plane. From the powerhouse, the Plane Tender controlled the operation by adjusting the speed of the turbine and tightening a brake on the cable winding drum shaft. At Plane 9 West, boats were raised or lowered 100 vertical feet in about 15 minutes.



Water was brought to the powerhouse from the upper level of the canal in a headrace flume that ended just behind the building at the level of the second floor. A valve allowed the water to be dropped about 50 feet through a penstock pipe to the turbine chamber and up into the turbine from below. Jets of water from the turbine rotor’s four curved nozzles force it to turn at approximately 67 RPM. A drive shaft attached to the rotor was geared to the cable winding drum in the powerhouse overhead.

Turbine & Tailrace




The Inclined Plane was powered by using water from the upper level of the canal to run a huge Reaction Turbine located in a chamber beneath the powerhouse. This powerful machine could move the wheeled cradle car and Canal Boat loaded with 70 tons of coal, from a dead stop, up the plane, over the summit and down into the upper level of the canal. Once used, water was carried away from the turbine chamber in a Tailrace Tunnel that led back into the canal at the bottom of the plane. From the powerhouse, the Plane Tender controlled the operation by adjusting the speed of the turbine and tightening a brake on the cable winding drum shaft. At Plane 9 West, boats were raised or lowered 100 vertical feet in about 15 minutes.



Water was brought to the powerhouse from the upper level of the canal in a headrace flume that ended just behind the building at the level of the second floor. A valve allowed the water to be dropped about 50 feet through a penstock pipe to the turbine chamber and up into the turbine from below. Jets of water from the turbine rotor’s four curved nozzles force it to turn at approximately 67 RPM. A drive shaft attached to the rotor was geared to the cable winding drum in the powerhouse overhead.

 TURBINE:
 A turbine with blades arranged to develop torque from gradual decrease of steam pressure from inlet to exhaust.


The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge (1920)


"In the reaction turbine all parts are filled with moving water, while in the impulse ... A reaction turbine is driven by the dynamic pressure of the water, ..."

Steam Power Plant Engineering by George Frederick Gebhardt (1917)


"In the Westinghouse compound turbine the high-pressure element is practically a typical single-cylinder reaction turbine and the low- pressure element is a ..."



3. Hydraulics by Robert Long Daugherty (1919)

"CHAPTER XIV THEORY OF THE reaction turbine 141. Introductory Illustration.—The reaction turbine is so called because an important factor in its operation is ..."



4. Water Power Engineering: The Theory, Investigation and Development of Water by Daniel Webster Mead (1908)

"Graphical Relation of Energy and Velocity in reaction turbine. — The relations of the changes in velocity and in energy in the passage of water through a ..."



5. Treatise on Hydraulics by Mansfield Merriman, Thaddeus Merriman (1916)

"In a reaction turbine, however, the velocity of the entering water may be ... This is due to thc fact that in a reaction turbine the static pressure of the ..."



6. A Text-book on Hydraulics: Including an Outline of the Theory of Turbines by Leander Miller Hoskins (1906)

"The fundamental characteristic of a reaction turbine is the fact that the ... The general arrangement of a reaction turbine with radial outward flow (the ..."

THIS IS ALSO A TURBINE BUT IT IS CALLED AXIAL TURBINE..............

THIS A FRANCICES TURBINE WHICH IS USED NEAR MANGLA AND TARBELLA DAM. IT IS USED FOR LOW HEADS.